The Mogao Caves contain murals depicting musicians and dancers, showcasing the era’s cultural and artistic life. These murals illustrate the Silk Road’s cultural exchange through various instruments and dance forms. Some murals also depict geographical landscapes, cities, temples, and architectural structures, offering a visual record of the era’s geography and urban planning. Notably, Cave 61 from the Song Dynasty features a detailed depiction of Mount Wutai, an early example of Chinese cartography. The murals are populated with mythical creatures and celestial figures from Buddhist cosmology, adding spiritual and fantastical elements. Portraits of donors, known as “gong Yang Ren,” are also present, indicating their support for the Buddhist project. Decorative patterns, including lotus motifs, geometric designs, and border decorations, enhance the aesthetic appeal and spiritual atmosphere of the caves. These themes serve as a historical record of the Silk Road’s influence on art, society, and international exchange, making the Mogao Caves an invaluable resource for understanding the history of Buddhism and the Silk Road.